Η βυθισμένη πόλη των Καίσαρων που χάθηκε για περισσότερους από δεκαεπτά αιώνες κάτω από τα γαλάζια νερά της δυτικής ακτής της Ιταλίας, αποκαλύφθηκε σε εντυπωσιακές νέες φωτογραφίες που τραβήχτηκαν από δύτες που είχαν την άδεια να εξερευνήσουν την περιοχή.
Ο Δίας γεννήθηκε σε μια σπηλιά στην Κρήτη.
Το σπήλαιο «Δικταίον Άντρον», ή Σπήλαιο Γενέσεως Διός, βρίσκεται στη βορεινή πλευρά του όρους Δίκτη, κοντά στα σύνορα Ηρακλείου και Λασιθίου. Φυσικά, εκεί πρώτη έκανε ανασκαφές η βρεττανική αρχαιολογική σχολή το 1899. Για την πρόσβαση σ’ αυτό, υπάρχει ανηφορικός πεζόδρομος που αρχίζει από τη θέση «Ψυχρός» και φτάνει μέχρι την τεράστια είσοδό του, έπειτα από πορεία μιας ώρας.
«Παντελή, μερικά πράγματα είναι καλύτερα να τα αφήνουμε στην ησυχία τους για να μην χαλάσει η δική μας. Μερικά όμως, δεν μας αφήνουν ήσυχους έτσι κι αλλιώς, μέχρι να τα σκαλίσουμε περισσότερo» Παύλος Ζίκας-Θεοδωρόπουλος.
While Wallace is certainly one of the best-known people to be hanged, drawn, and quartered, Edward Marcus Despard also has a notable claim. He was the last person to officially die in this manner in the UK. Serving as an officer in the British Army, Despard was appointed superintendent of the Bay of Honduras in 1783. He made himself a target of the monarchy while stationed there for advocating racial equality – an act which saw him briefly locked up in London.
Although being hanged, drawn, and quartered was popularized during the reign of King Edward III in the mid-1300s, it was also recorded as a form of punishment in earlier years. One of the first official instances was recorded by English chronicler Matthew Paris in 1238. He wrote about one of the men at arms trying to kill King Henry III, only for the monarch to enact a brutal punishment when he failed.
There was certainly no shortage of creative punishments in the middle ages. The judas cradle made a person sit on a sharp wooden point, the pear of anguish forcibly stretched bodily orifices, and the iron maiden impaled living victims with metal spikes. One particular punishment – being hanged, drawn, and quartered – was reserved only for those accused of treason.
Those convicted of high treason were subject to a brutal, humiliating, and painful execution. Various sources list the order of punishment differently, but each person was subject to all three brutal stages. Hanging was not always meant to kill the accused, but rather to bring them to a point just before death when they would then be cut down. Drawing involved attaching the person to a wooden panel or frame which was tied behind a horse and dragged through the streets.
Illustration of the execution of Hugh the Younger Despenser who was hanged, drawn, and quartered, c. 1470. (Photo Credit: Loyset Liédet/ Wikimedia Commons/ Public Domain)
Some sources indicate that another meaning of ‘drawn’ was occasionally implemented instead of, or in addition to, being pulled by a horse. This was the removal of the individual’s intestines from their body. The accused would have their genitals removed and burned in front of them, sometimes along with their guts, before their head was finally lopped off. They would then be quartered – literally divided into four quarters.
Following death, the victim’s body parts would be boiled in a vat of spiced water designed to preserve the flesh. They would then be publicly displayed as a warning to others who might think about conspiring against the crown. Although this was the standard way of being hanged, drawn, and quartered, the process could be made both better or worse for the victim. It largely depended on how the king was feeling.
Print showing Britannia drawn and quartered at a crossroad by ropes attached to three horses: Tyranny, Venality, and Ignorance, c. 1780. (Photo Credit: British Cartoon Prints Collection/ Library of Congress/ Wikimedia Commons/ Public Domain)
If the person was allowed to die by hanging before the other parts of the punishment were carried out, then they got off easy. If the king was feeling particularly nasty, however, he could order the quartering to happen while the accused was still alive. To do this, each of their limbs were attached to a horse by rope and the animals were made to walk away in different directions, slowly ripping the person apart.
Πηγή : https://www.thevintagenews.com/2023/02/09/hanged-drawn-and-quartered/
